subordinates. The four learning styles are asfollows:1. Concrete experiencePeople who primarily use the concrete learningstyle prefer an experience-based approach tolearning. These people want to learn first handwithout preparing beforehand. They do not wantto learn by reading; they want to learn throughexperience.Concrete learners have the following charac-teristics:— Rely heavily on feeling-based judgments— Are receptive to new experiences andactivities— Are people-oriented— Prefer to treat each situation as a new case— Learn best when they can get involved2. Reflective ObservationPeople who primarily use the reflectivelearning style prefer to sit back and observewithout getting involved. They like to see how thesituation looks before making a judgment orcommitting themselves to learning.Reflective learners have the following traits:— Rely heavily on careful observations whenmaking judgments— Are more tentative or uncertain whenit comes to learning— Like to reflect on what they have observedbefore drawing conclusions— Tend to be withdrawn— Prefer to be objective observers3. Abstract conceptualizationPeople who primarily use the abstract learningstyle prefer a theory-based, analytical approachto learning. These people prefer to study thetopic and think about it. They don’t want tolearn through experience; they’d rather readabout it.Abstract learners have the following habits:— Rely heavily on logical thinking andrational evaluation— Are more oriented to things andsymbols than they are to people— Prefer authority-directed, impersonallearning situations that emphasize theory— Are frustrateding approachessimulations— Like systematicby “discovery” learn-such as role plays andapproaches or theories4. Active experimentationPeople who primarily use the active learningstyle prefer to learn by becoming involved ina subject. They take a step-by-step, activeapproach. These people like to apply what theyare learning.Active learners have the following qualities:— Rely heavily on experimentation— Like to combine theory with application— Tend to be practical and responsible— Use feedback from others— Use trial and error and learn from theirown mistakesMotives, Thoughts, andBehaviorsA motive is a need or want based on yourpersonal desires or goals. A motive also leads youto think about how you would feel about reachingor not reaching the goal.A thought leads to behavior that allows youto reach the goal.A behavior leads to goals that satisfy yourneeds and wants in the initial motive.We have three types of social motives: achieve-ment, affiliation, and power. These motives leadto behaviors related to persons and tasks met indaily living.2-3
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