6. Instruct on the class level. Use words,explanations, visual illustrations, questions, and the like,directed to the needs of the average trainee in the class.7. Stimulate trainees to think. Think, as used here,refers to creative thinking, rather than a mere recall offacts previously learned. You can use a number ofinstructional devices for stimulating trainee thinking.Among those devices are thought-provoking questions,class discussions, problem situations, challengingstatements, and rhetorical questions (a question towhich no answer is expected). Another device is the useof suggestions, such as “I want you to think along withme” and “Consider your reaction to this situation.”Discussion MethodDiscussion methods are effective in getting thetrainees to think constructively while interacting withthe rest of the group. Conduct discussions with large orsmall groups; however, small groups are moredesirable. You can control and direct a small groupmore easily than you can larger groups of 10 or moretrainees. If a group is extremely large, break it intosmaller groups or teams with a discussion leader foreach team.The use of the terms class discussion and directeddiscussion in this text refers to methods in which youfacilitate verbal exchange in the class. To use thesemethods, first lay a suitable foundation for thediscussion by asking one or more challengingquestions. Then stimulate the trainees to discuss thebasic questions; finally, guide the discussion to alogical conclusion.In the directed discussion, you act as the chairmanor moderator. As a result of your questions,suggestions, and redirection of ideas, the trainees in theclass become genuinely interested in exploiting allangles of the central problem. They forget the normalclassroom restraints and begin to talk to each other asthey would when carrying on an ordinary conversation.A true class discussion requires a trainee-to-traineeinterchange of ideas. An instructor-to-traineeinterchangeofideasduringatypicalquestion-and-answer period is not a class discussion.To conduct a class discussion, you must makemore extensive and more thorough preparations thanyou would for a lecture. Although the trainees supplythe ideas, you must have a thorough knowledge of thesubject matter to be able to sift out pertinent ideas. Beaware of ideas that may lead the trainees off on atangent; steer the discussion away from those ideas.Guide the trainees away from irrelevant ideas andtoward the desired goals without dominating thediscussion.You can adapt some ideas to discussions moreeasily than other ideas. The most easily adaptable areasrequire trainees to compare, contrast, and weigh facts,concepts, and ideas. They also require trainees to solveproblems, particularly those dealing with humanrelations, and to glean hidden or obscure informationfrom scattered sources. To receive full benefit from thediscussion, the trainees should have some previousfamiliarity with the subject matter. They could befamiliar with the subject matter as a result of outsidereading, prior Navy training and experience, or civiliantraining and experience.To help make the class discussion a success, arrangethe classroom in such a manner that you are a part of thegroup. If possible, arrange for the group to sit around atable so that all of the trainees can see each other andyou. Use the discussion method only when classes aresmall enough to allow everyone a chance to take part.Use the following techniques in conducting aclassroom discussion:Build a background for the discussion. Thedevelopment of an appropriate background tends tofocus the trainees’ attention upon the central problemand limits the problem to an area that can be covered in areasonable length of time. An appropriate backgroundalso creates interest in the solution of the problem.Ask thought-provoking discussion questions.Ask questions to keep the discussion in bounds,to bring out the desired aspects of the main problem, andto guide the discussion toward the desired conclusion.Encourage the timid, restrain the talkative, andmaintain a standard of discipline in keeping with thematurity level of the trainees.Be willing to accept, temporarily, an incorrectidea. A hasty “No!” or “You’re wrong!” can bringsudden death to any discussion.Avoid expressing your own ideas until thetrainees have had ample opportunity to express theirideas.Summarize the discussion at intervals. Use thechalkboard for this purpose. Give due credit to thetraineesfortheircontributions.Clearupmisunderstandings and emphasize correct ideas.1-16
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