If you’re exposed to a blood agent, immediately don(put on) a protective mask. Speed is essential! Bloodagents act so rapidly that within seconds, the effects ofexposure can make it impossible for individuals to dontheir own mask. If this happens, the nearest personshould help those who can’t don their mask. Medicalpersonnel should administer medications.Choking AgentsIn low concentration, choking agents produce anaction on the respiratory system that results in theaccumulation of fluid in the lungs. Accumulation offluid in the lungs can cause death. High concentrationsproduce death for the same reason, but the upperrespiratory tract may be involved as well. Exposure tochoking agents may produce immediate dryness of thethroat, coughing, choking, tightness across the chest,headache, nausea, and at times, irritated and wateryeyes. However, symptoms are usually delayed, and it’spossible that no immediate symptoms will appear whenexposed to a fatal dose.Even a mild exposure to a choking agent that isaccompanied by immediate symptoms may cause fluidto accumulate in the lungs within 2 to 24 hours afterexposure. Shallow and rapid breathing, a hacking andpainful cough, frothy saliva, and an ashen gray color ofthe skin indicate the presence of fluid in the lungs.After exposure to a high dose of a choking agent,it’s important to begin medical treatment quickly toprevent accumulation of fluid in the lungs. It’simportant to keep the victim at rest and warm. Coughsuppressant and pain relievers can be given as long asthe doses don’t interfere with respiratory functions.Riot Control Agents (RCAs)RCAs are classified as either tear agents orvomiting agents and are characterized by very lowtoxicity and brief action. They are used to producetemporary misery and harassment. Most personnelexposed to RCAs don’t require medical attention andcasualties are rare. Tear agents act rapidly on nerve endsin the cornea and mucous membranes of the eye.Vomiting agents cause local inflammation of therespiratory tract, sinuses, and eyes. The symptoms ofexposure to RCAs are shown in the following chart.First aid for personnel exposed to tear agentsincludes providing a supply of fresh air as soon aspossible and changing exposed clothing. If symptoms13-5Student Notes:SYMPTOMS OF TEAR AGENTSSYMPTOMS OF VOMITING AGENTSViolent burning sensation of the eyesReddening of the eyelidsUncontrollable winkingExcessive tearingIntolerance to lightBurning sensation of the throat, with developing painand a sensation of chokingSneezingNauseaDiarrheaHeadacheBurning sensation of the skinIrritation of the eyes, mucous membranes of the mouthand noseRunny nose, sneezing, and coughingHeadacheTightness and pain in the chestNausea and vomiting
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