The degree of  fever  varies with the individual, depending on the person’s resistance. However, fever does serve as a rough guide to the severity of infection. Often a violent chill precedes the fever. Whether the chill occurs or not, fever is usually one of the earliest symptoms. Malaise  is a feeling of bodily discomfort and weakness. There may be nausea, dizziness, loss of appetite, and general aches and pains. Inflammation  is  caused  by  the  reaction  of  body tissues combating and sealing off an infection. In almost every case there is pain, redness, and swelling. Some types of infection result in a characteristic rash, making it possible for a doctor to make an early diagnosis. REVIEW 2 QUESTIONS Q1.  BW is the intentional use of (a) ________________ to disable or destroy (b) _________________. Q2.   What  is  the  disadvantage  an  enemy  has  when using BW agents? Q3.   List  the  symptoms  of  biological  disease  in  its early stages. a. b. c. NUCLEAR WARFARE Learning  Objectives:  When  you  finish  this  chapter, you will be able— Recall the terms used with nuclear warfare. Identify  the  types  of  nuclear  warfare  and  the effects of nuclear weapons. Identify  self-aid  and  first-aid  methods  for countering the effects of nuclear radiation. Recall  the  difference  between  radiological  and radiation contamination. 13-7 Student Notes: Disease (common name) Causative Agent Physiological Effects Time to effect Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Mild fever and fatigue, worsening to severe respiratory disorders, high fever and excessively rapid pulse rate. Death can occur within 5-12 days of exposure if left untreated. Pulmonary anthrax is fatal more than 90% of the time. 1-5 days Plague Yersinia pestis Fever, headache, and rapid heart rate, followed by pneumonia and hemorrhaging in the skin and mucous membranes. Untreated plague pneumonia fatalities approach 100%, but early treatment can reduce mortality to as low as 5%. 2-3 days Tularemia Francisella tularensis Symptoms include fever, chills, headache and muscular pain. Untreated tularemia can result in 30-60% mortality; treated, the mortality rate is reduced to 1%. 3-5 days Botulinum Toxin Clostridium botulinum Initial symptoms include extreme weakness, nausea, headaches, and intestinal pain leading to respiratory paralysis that may cause death. 2-26 hours Table 13-2.—Characteristics for Selected BW Agents