Professor Elizabeth Reynard (later LT Reynard) cameup with the term Women Appointed for VoluntaryEmergency Service (WAVES). That term was laterchanged to Women Accepted for Voluntary EmergencyService. The initials WR and the term Women’s Reservewere official, and some women preferred these terms tothe equally official, but less formal, term WAVES.As the Women’s Reserve observed its secondanniversary on July 30, 1944, it could look back upon abrief but glowing record of expansion and achievement.During its 2 years of existence, its members had freedenough officers and men to crew a fleet of 10 battleships,10 aircraft carriers, 28 cruisers, and 50 destroyers.During World War II, WAVES were directlyeligible for 34 different ratings. They performed nearlyevery conceivable type of duty at 500 naval shoreestablishments.THE POSTWAR YEARSUnlike the placid years following World War I, thepostwar period from 1945 to 1950 was a busy one. TheUnited States emerged from the war with an awarenessthat it couldn’t afford any major cutbacks in militarystrength. The United States had become a nationcommitted to trading with and protecting other countries.The only way that responsibility could be discharged wasby the maintenance of a strong and ready Navy.Navy women. Since the WAVES had proved theirworth during the war, the Navy was reluctant to give upits programs for women. After the war, a number ofNavy women were retained in service. However, by thefourth anniversary of the program, only 9,800 remainedon active duty.The Women’s Armed Services Integration Act,Public Law 625, was passed by the Senate and theHouse and signed by the President. It became lawJune 12, 1948, marking another step forward. That wasperhaps the most significant milestone to date in thehistory of women in the Navy. That act gave women fullpartnership on the Navy team and abolished theWomen’s Reserve. For the first time, women became apart of the Regular Navy.At the same time the Regular Navy opened towomen, the Reserves established a program for womenvolunteers. The new laws authorized the transfer of allmembers to appropriate components of the permanentNaval Reserve.Antarctic exploration. Following World War II,the U.S. Navy turned its attention once again to theexploration of Antarctica. In 1946, OperationHighjump got underway. Seaplanes flying from theopen sea and the airstrip at Little America photographedthe interior and coastline of the “white continent.”Naval aviation. Naval researchers continued todevelop new, specialized ships and new planes capableof providing swift aid to Allies in a world of uneasypeace. All naval aircraft, featuring the most advancedradar and sonar systems, were redistributed into patrol,attack, and fighter squadrons.Jet aircraft were perfected during the postwar years.In June 1948, a squadron of FH-1 Phantoms qualified forcarrier operations aboard USS Saipan (CVL-48). Carrierflight decks were redesigned to launch and recover jets.Submarines and nuclear power. During this time,the Navy was speeding development of the mostrevolutionary advancement in the history ofsubmarines—nuclear power. Early in World War II, aspart of the Navy’s initial research on the atom, proposalswere made to develop atomic power for use afloat.However, most of that work was diverted todevelopment of the atomic bomb.Nuclear power was the long-awaited propulsionsource for the submarine. It turned the submersiblesurface ship into a true submarine, capable of almostindefinite operation. It was no longer bound to theearth’s atmosphere.In September 1947, Captain H. G. Rickoverinformally requested the first study of the application ofa high-pressure, water-cooled reactor for a submarine.Personnel of the Daniels Pile Division at Oak Ridge,Tennessee, undertook that study.In January 1948, the Department of Defenserequested that the Atomic Energy Commissionundertake the design, development, and construction ofa nuclear reactor that would propel a naval submarine.In December 1948, the Commission contracted theWestinghouse Electric Corporation to develop design,construct, operate, and test a prototype nuclearpropulsion plant. The outcome of those efforts was USSNautilus.5-19Student Notes:
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