Navy involvement in exploration continued during
the first decade of the century. On April 6, 1909,
Commander Robert E. Peary, accompanied by Matthew
Henson, reached the North Pole.
In pre-World War I days, the Navy also carried out
its role as a diplomatic arm of the government. On
December 16, 1907, the Great White Fleet left Hampton
Roads, Virginia, for a round-the-world cruise to show
the flag. The exercise demonstrated the strength of the
U.S. Navy.
Although the United States entered World War I
late, the Navy had plenty of time to make history. On
May 4, 1917, six American destroyers commanded by
Commander Joseph K. Taussig steamed into
Queenstown, Ireland. They became the first U.S. Navy
ships to operate in European waters during World War I.
The event, billed as the return of the Mayflower, was a
great morale booster and aid for the Allied forces. The
incident is probably best remembered by Commander
Taussigs simple remark upon reporting to the British
admiral in charge: I shall be ready when refueled, sir.
Destroyers became a primary symbol of
British-American cooperation during WWI. Destroyers
were the main defense against German U-boats, which
were practicing unrestricted warfare and terrorizing the
seas. U-boat attacks were one reason for our entry into
the war.
The British and Americans exchanged signals, codes,
and inventions in combining their destroyer forces to seek
out and attack the German submarines. Destroyers served
as escorts for troopships and supply convoys for the Allies,
helping to ensure their safety. On November 17, 1917, the
destroyers USS Nicholson and USS Fanning were the first
U.S. ships to sink an enemy submarine.
When the United States entered World War I, naval
aviation assets were limited. The nation had only 54
aircraft, 1 air station, and 287 personnel assigned to
aviation. The nation had no armed forces or operations
abroad.
In spite of its size, the air arm proved its value as a
supporting unit to surface antisubmarine (ASW) forces.
Navy pilots served with Allied units in France and
England. The airplane created a new breed of hero, the
ace. Nineteen year-old Lieutenant David Ingalls, later
Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Air), flew a Sopwith
Camel to become the Navys first ace.
In World War I, the womens role in the Navy came
into its own. In 1811, a Navy surgeon recommended
employing women in hospitals to care for the Navys sick
and wounded. The idea was not acted upon at that time.
NOTE
In the Civil War, women nurses, although not
part of the Navy, served aboard the hospital ship
USS Red Rover in the medical department. In
the war of 1898, the first trained nurses in the
Navy, though not an official unit, were
stationed at the Norfolk Naval Hospital to care
for the injured. A decade later (in 1908), the
Nurse Corps was officially born.
As the nation readied itself for World War I, it
needed Yeomen and personnel in related jobs to handle
the growing demand from headquarters and naval shore
stations. Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy, asked
his legal advisors, Is there any law that says a Yeoman
must be a man? The answer was no, but until that time
only men had been enlisted. Then enroll women in the
Naval Reserve as Yeomen, the Secretary said. In such
jobs, he added, they would offer the best assistance that
the country can provide.
Immediately after the United States entered World
War I, women were enlisted on a large scale in order to
release enlisted men for active service at sea. By the time
the armistice was signed, 11,275 women were enlisted in
service as Yeomen (F). They handled most of the clerical
work at the Navy Department, in addition to many highly
important special duties. Yeomen (F) were stationed in
Guam, the Panama Canal Zone, and Hawaii, in addition
to the United States and France. About 300 Marinettes,
as the female enlisted personnel of the Marine Corps
were designated, were on duty during the war. Most of
them were stationed at Marine Corps Headquarters at the
Navy Department, although a number were assigned
with Marine Corps recruiting units.
All Yeomen (F) were released from active duty by
July 31, 1919. Secretary Daniels sent the following
message to the Yeomen (F): It is with deep gratitude for
the splendid service rendered by the Yeomen (F) during
our national emergency that I convey to them the sincere
appreciation of the Navy Department for their patriotic
cooperation.
5-14
Student Notes: