HEMORRHAGE AND METHODS OFCONTROLLING BLEEDINGLearning Objective: When you finish this chapter, youwill be able to—Recall the procedures used to control externalbleeding.Blood is circulated throughout the body by threedifferent kinds of blood vessels.1. Arteries, which are large vessels that carry theblood away from the heart2. Veins, which are large vessels that carry theblood back to the heart3. Capillaries, which form a connecting networkof smaller vessels between the arteries and theveinsHemorrhage (escape of blood) occurs wheneverthere is a break in the wall of one or more blood vessels.In most small cuts, only capillaries are injured. Deeperwounds result in injury to veins or arteries. Bleedingsevere enough to endanger life seldom occurs exceptwhen arteries or veins are cut.The average adult body contains about 5 quarts(4.75 liters) of blood. One pint of blood can usually belost without harmful effect—in fact, that’s the amountusually given by blood donors. However, the loss of 2pints (0.95 liter) will usually cause shock, and shockbecomes greater as the amount of blood loss increases.(Shock will be discussed later in this chapter.) If half theblood in the body is lost, death almost always results.Capillary blood is usually brick red in color. Ifcapillaries are cut, the blood oozes out slowly. Bloodfrom the veins is dark red. If a vein is cut, the bloodescapes in a steady, even flow. If an artery near thesurface is cut, the blood will gush out in spurts that aresynchronized with the heartbeats; but if the cut artery isdeeply buried, the bleeding will appear to be a steadystream. Arterial blood is usually bright red in color.In actual practice, you might find it difficult todecide whether bleeding was from a vein or an artery;but the distinction is not usually important. A personcan bleed to death quickly from a cut artery; prolongedbleeding from any large cut can, of course, have thesame effect. The important thing to know is that allbleeding must be controlled as quickly as possible.The only way to stop serious bleeding is by theapplication of pressure. In practically all cases, bleedingcan be stopped if pressure is applied directly to thewound. If direct pressure doesn’t stop the bleeding,pressure should be applied at the appropriate pressurepoint. In those very rare cases where bleeding is sosevere that it cannot be controlled by either of thesemethods, pressure can be applied by a tight constrictingband. The actual procedures you should use to stopbleeding are shown in chart on pages 14-10 and 14-11.CAUTIONNever put on a constricting band unless thehemorrhage is so severe that it cannot becontrolled in any other way. Once a constrictingband has been applied, it should be releasedonly by medical personnel.BATTLE DRESSINGSLearning Objective: When you finish this chapter, youwill be able to—Recall the procedures used to apply battledressings.A battle dressing is a combination compress andbandage, in which a sterile gauze pad is fastened to agauze, muslin, or adhesive bandage. Most Navyfirst-aid kits contain both large and small battledressings. Battle dressings are also supplied at battledressing stations located throughout the ship. Any partof a dressing that is to come into direct contact with awound should be absolutely sterile. The dressing youfind in Navy first-aid kits have been sterilized. Nevertouch a battle dressing with your fingers, clothing, orany other unsterile object.When applying a battle dressing, make sure thedressing is the proper size so that it covers the woundcompletely. Some wounds, such as protrudingabdominal wounds, require the dressing to bemoistened in sterile water. Battle dressing should beapplied so it doesn’t allow the dressing to move or slip14-9Student Notes:
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