following signs. They can tell you the enemy’s location as well as other valuable information. 1.  Signs that groups have passed, such as crushed grass,  broken  branches,  footprints,  cigarette butts, or other discarded trash, may reveal their identity and size, their direction of travel, and the time they passed through. 2.  Workers in fields may indicate absence of the enemy. 3.  Apparently normal activities in villages may indicate absence of the enemy. 4.  Less  obvious  conditions  may  indicate  the presence of the enemy, such as the following: a.  The  absence  of  workers  in  fields  is  an indication that the enemy is near. b.  The absence of children in a village is an indication  that  the  children  have  been hidden to protect them from action that may take place. c.  The absence of young people in a village is an indication that the enemy controls the village. Some evasion techniques you may find useful are cover, concealment, and camouflage. To keep yourself from being seen, you may have to hide in bushes or lie flat  in  shallow  ditches  using  brush  as  a  cover  or camouflage. When evading the enemy, remember the following points: 1.  Conceal  yourself  from  enemy  aircraft  and nearby enemy troops. 2.  Move quietly; noises carry in fog, fallen snow, heavy foliage, and over rock faces. 3.  Maintain  personal  hygiene  to  prevent  body odor;  cover  body  waste  and  scraps  of  food; avoid activities, such as cooking and smoking, that produce smells; such smells can reveal your location. 4.  Don’t make sudden, rapid movements that can reveal your location. 5.  Select routes for movement that avoid exposed areas and don’t show your silhouette against the skyline. Don’t leave obvious tracks. Crude Direction-Finding Techniques How  do  you  determine  direction  without  a compass? Nature can help you or nature can fool you. The two best crude sources of direction are the sun and the stars, but you must know how to use them. These are very crude direction-finding techniques; you may only use them in the Northern Hemisphere. If your ship or aircraft is going to be operating in the Southern Hemisphere, you should learn the techniques for that area of the world. Evasion Travel The route that you select to travel while trying to evade the enemy depends on your situation, the weather conditions, and the nature of the terrain. Whether you select a ridge, stream, valley, coastline, dense forest, or mountain range to follow, be sure it is the safest, rather than the easiest, way. Experience has proved that the most difficult route is frequently the safest. Travel Tips Some tips you can use when traveling include the following: 15-24 Student Notes: Sun The sun travels from the eastern sky to the western  sky.  How  can  you  use  the  sun  to determine an east-west direction? You can use shadows (even on a cloudy day)  made  by  the  sun  to  get  an  accurate east-west line. On a flat surface, drive a stick 3 or 4 feet high in the ground. Then mark the tip of the stick’s shadow with a rock. If you wait awhile and then mark the shadow again, you will see that the line connecting the tips of the shadows  inscribes  an  east-west  line  on  the ground. Stars To use the stars, you must have a clear night. You may locate north by finding the North Star (Polaris), the outermost star in the handle of the Little Dipper.