SHIPS OF THE CONTINENTAL NAVYWhat constituted a warship in the late 1700s?During the revolutionary war and into the 19th century,naval vessels were grouped into three major classes—1. Ships-of-the-line. These were the battleships ofthe sailing days. These ships were the largest ofall sailing warships and carried 64 to over 100guns of various sizes. However, our Navy’sships-of-the-line didn’t come into existenceuntil years later, long after the RevolutionaryWar was over.2. Frigates. These were the cruisers of the 18thcentury. These cruisers were next in size, usuallysmaller and faster than average ship-of-the-line.They generally carried 28 to 44 guns.3. Sloops-of-war. These were the small sailingwarships. They carried 10 to 20 guns.Another group of naval vessels were the privateers.Privateers were commissioned by the ContinentalCongress and by individual states to capture enemymerchant ships as prizes of war.Typical of the independent “fleet” of privateers wasthe schooner. The schooner was a small, fast, flexible,flush-deck ship that carried smooth-bore cannon. Withsmall ships like these schooners, the colonists broke theBritish stranglehold on main New England harbors byslipping past the Royal Navy’s men-of-war and hiding ininlets. Unable to meet the British head-on, the Americanships outmaneuvered them and jabbed here and thereinstead of standing full force and slugging it out.Navy ships in the Continental Navy included theProvidence, a 12-gun sloop; the Lexington, a 16-gunbrig (converted from a merchantman); and theBonhomme Richard, a loan from the French, an old EastIndiaman. Later in this chapter, you will find out howother ships bearing some of these names made history intheir own right.THE FIRST UNITED STATES SUBMARINEA young American experimented with a subsurfacecraft he hoped would help drive the British out of NewYork harbor and away from American shores for good.David Bushnell was a Yale medical student who hadbeen working on a small submarine for some 4 yearsand finally completed it in 1775.This first warfare submarine, named the Turtle, wasdescribed by Bushnell as having “some resemblance totwo upper tortoise shells of equal size, joinedtogether…” It was 7.5 feet deep, and under idealconditions had a maximum speed of 3 knots. A singleoperator could stay down for 30 minutes.The Turtle was armed with an oak casing filled with150 pounds of explosives. This charge could be attached tothe bottom of an enemy ship where it was intended toremainuntildetonatedbyasimpleclockworkmechanism.After completing the submarine, Bushnell took itfor several dives to prove its seaworthiness. Finally, inSeptember 1776, he was ready to try it against theBritish in New York harbor. Sergeant Ezra Lee, avolunteer from the Connecticut militia, maneuvered theTurtle through the use of hand-driven screw propellers.His mission was to attach a time-fuse charge ofgunpowder to the hull of HMS Eagle. However, themission was aborted when the auger failed to penetratethe copper sheathing of the Eagle.Bushnell made a few more attempts to use the Turtleagainst the British in the Delaware River. He attachedmines to the Turtle and floated the mines against ships.These attempts failed. The submarine was finally sunkby the British in New York harbor—the first recordedinstance of an antisubmarine attack.CONTINENTAL NAVY ACTIONSThe new Navy ordered to be established by theContinental Congress came into being in the last monthsof 1775. To build a fleet, Congress authorized theconstruction of 13 new frigates (ranging from 24 to 32guns) and the conversion of 6 merchant ships (rangingfrom 10 to 24 guns). These merchant ships included theUSS Hornet and the USS Alfred. The USS Alfred had thedistinction of being the U.S. Navy’s first flagship and issaid to be the first U.S. naval vessel on which the “Flag ofFreedom” was hoisted (by John Paul Jones). All weresolidly constructed ships with a number of guns. Even so,they were at a serious disadvantage because they werepitted against the established and superior Britishforce—then the finest Navy in the world.5-2Student Notes:
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